We dealt everything but due to Nida's accident, this is the only
remaining file.
Can we adjust this tomorrow
This one is due tomorrow so need to be adjusted with freelancer
words1700/ 10 PPT. Kindly do 1700 words 1.5 spacing and 10 slide
PPT. Deadline: 27-04-19. Your topic is # 2 from the list: According
to social psychology, how does aggression or violence arise?
You need to base it on Global perspective and also
include/incorporate UAE examples. Deadline cannot be extended therefore please
ensure its completed by/before deadline and follow the attached word document
outline to compile. This means it must be exactly as the outline
attached.
Solution
Social Psychology
– Aggression and Violence
Table
of Contents
Table of Figures
Social Psychology – Aggression and
Violence Arises
Introduction
Social
Psychology is a diverse study which include both extrinsic and intrinsic
factors. These factors are related to violence and aggression. They are the
potential attributes being discuss in the domain with the individual
personality and tolerance levels. The psychological connection of both
potential factors is correlated as the elementary feature. Variety of scales
and models have been identified that could help in measure these behaviors and
to identify the prominent causes they bring along with them. There is no
denying of the fact that “aggression” and “violence” are becoming common
behaviors in contemporary society (Gentile, Bender, & Anderson,
2017) .
The
reasons of their emergence are numerous ranging from direct encounters on day
to day basis in war wagged societies or through indirect ways such as
television and social media that add fuel to the ignited fire. From the
standpoint of social psychology, aggression is harmful whether small or large.
Psychology is the science deals with human beings; domain with feelings as well
as multiple other attributes including behaviors and feelings at specific
interval of time (Kruglanski & Stroebe, 2011) . It studies the
dynamic relationships that exist between individuals and society as a whole
that influences their personal traits, emotions, thinking process, motivations
and desires to control their day to day interactions with each other.
Though
the social skills have been within humans since their origin but the adoption
of such behaviors was the result of evolutionary adaptation. The theory defies
the artifact as claim that major response or behaviors in any social situations
are based on the incidence and events from the individual’s past life.
According to theory humans kept on adapting to remain fit with the time for the
sake of survival and reproduce at a better level with improved characteristics
than other species (Goetz & Simon-Thomas, 2010) .
Though
other than definition of Buss (1961) were given but his were the most
acceptable one stated that “A response
that delivers noxious stimuli to another organism” which can be in the
present times in the form of bullet, bomb, criticism or an insult anything that
harms or hurts other individuals. When the aggression gains momentum it takes
the form of violence. It is the unwilling participation by the victim that
intrigues the aggressor to keep repeating its coercive behavior. Aggression can
never bring in positive outcome no matter how much the person diverts the
negative energy into building something positive, it always end up in hate and
grudges which if continue to accumulate can seriously damage the person and the
society as a whole. In the study, different models and theories have been
presented to take a better understanding of the basic aggression and violence
related insane actions associated with the concept as defined in psychology (Kruglanski
& Stroebe, 2011) .
Literature Review
Through
aggression, an individual harms another by abrupt enacted behaviors to
physically harm or mentally torture. Psychology often ignores the partial
emotional state and mindset leading to concept that aggression does not have
anger and attitude in the fallen domains. Same goes with violence, it is wrong
to treat it as aggressiveness as it refers to the intension of the person to do
extreme harm to the others that might even lead to death. But both are
interrelated as one action can lead to another (Chadee,
Smith, & Ferguson, 2019) .
With
respect to the factors predicted to be involved in causing such behaviors
include intrinsic factors that involve a combination of personality
characteristics towards dealing anger and the extrinsic factors such as
physical and social settings that might play a part in generating anger or
violence among individuals. Apart from them, there is a third set in which lies
the individuals with severe mental illness who exhibit violence not out of any
influence other than their own psychotic disorder (Oakley, Harris, Fahy, Murphy, & Picchioni, 2016) .
Social
learning and modeling allows us to see whether aggression or violence is
learned through social reinforcements. It is more related to reward or
punishment (Hawley, 2016) . Let’s say if we are rewarded for
curbing aggression we might repeat this behavior and reverse if being punished.
For example, the child who gets rewarded by hitting other kid, he or she will
repeat the action. But aggression in early age has other correlations as well
like children who are aggressive are said to be more competent as they use
aggression to get their way.
Gentile
Study (2017), aggression is also related to acceptance and empowerment among
their circle of peers. According to model, these behaviors are learned through
social demonstrations from other people such as watching parents, other children
or people and mainly social medial to do the same things as they are seeing it
as the only solution to resolve issues. Violent movies and games increase the
tendencies of aggression (Gentile, Bender, & Anderson, 2017) . Large amount 
of
such influence might cause desensitization as individuals start embracing the
violence or aggression as accepted part of society and start treating it as the
solution for all their problems.
of
such influence might cause desensitization as individuals start embracing the
violence or aggression as accepted part of society and start treating it as the
solution for all their problems.
According
to (Chadee, Smith, & Ferguson, 2019) , possession of guns
keeps the public in unnecessary fear of unknown making them to respond to even
minor issues with aggression. Where there are guns, there is a high likelihood
of the occurrence of violence (Chadee, Smith, & Ferguson,
2019) .
Overt
Aggression Scale: This scale is used to record the aggressive incidents of the
individuals that might have appeared in the form of anger, loud shouts,
physical aggression against objects and other threating gestures causing severe
physical injury. These behaviors are compared with that of harm induced by
victim (Hambly, Khan, McDermott, Bor, & Haywood, 2017) .
Social
Dysfunction and Aggression Scale: This scale can be used to assess the total
level of aggression in the form of self-harm, lack of cooperation, irritability
and discontentment towards others. Social Dysfunction is also known as
relational aggression in which an individual’s faces conflicts or problems in
peer relationships that leads to lowering down of self-esteem and heightens
depression (Scemes, 2016) .
Theoretical framework
In
this section, various models and theories are highlighted that helps in
understanding the phenomenon of aggression and violence. In the first model,
The General aggression Model; the model highlights various factors such as
environmental that trigger aggression. From the research work of ( Warburton & Anderson, 2015) , GAM is an
integrative, bio-social cognitive model that incorporates different logical
theories to explain the concept of aggression. According to the finding
changing environment such as growing use of computer games can cause the
individuals to adopt and practice aggressive behavior more frequently.
The
second level of understanding can be built through “Frustration-Aggression
theory”, a theory that points frustration as the main factor behind aggression.
It is frustration within an individual that provokes him or her to obtain a
goal. It is the desire that creates aggressive energy which is shaped by set of
rewards or punishments. For example, it was wrongly perceived that cats had the
natural instinct to kill mice in fact their predatory behavior is out of
protection of its kittens or simply survival ( Warburton & Anderson, 2015) .
Thirdly
is Instrumental Aggression’s concerned theory which was presented by Buss in
1961 explained the concept of certain conditioned terminologies concerned with
instrumental aggression is the reinforcements capable to increase or decrease
the intensity of aggressive behaviors. He suggested both anger and personality
play their role in aggression. The intensity of hostility depends on these
factors and may persist over time due to constant exposure to negative
experiences (Kruglanski & Stroebe, 2011) .
Fourthly,
there is Bandura’s learning theory specific to social aspects; the theory
reinforces that aggressive behaviors are learned through observing models. It
implants that aggressive behavior is counterfeit and phony from the behavior in
referenced models. It ensure the most attention
which observer has to pay in to responses from the modeled behavior then
the message is encoded through cognitive processes and lastly they are applied
as the same actions. For example, Children when see their parents hit, kick or
throw something at an object, they will first observe and if the process keeps
going then they will imitate the same behavior (Kruglanski
& Stroebe, 2011) .
This
process of imitation is done after the actions are thoroughly cognitively
analyzed. Another one is “Berkowitz’s Theory of Emotional Aggression (BTEA)”.
The theory is significant demonstrated and researched being performed in social
aggression psychology domain (Goetz & Simon-Thomas, 2010) . According to theory;
Emotional and Instrumental are the two domains involving aggression as
category. Emotional aggression aligns on tendencies innate to portraying a
aggressive response towards aversive stimulation that produces negative effects
on individuals by developing in them desire to hurt (Oakley,
Harris, Fahy, Murphy, & Picchioni, 2016) .
Avoidance
to these aspects within a society can be injurious as they the actions like
punishments or positive reinforcements might suppress the aggressive behavior temporarily
but this may convert minor anger into major violence if problems are not
resolved at broader level such as controlling media and information being
circulated. Globalization as the foremost growing concept though bringing
progressive fruits but increasing the need to address increasing contact of
individuals or groups due to internet and other forms of communication. The
cultural differences must be considerate in order to avoid misunderstanding
that could lead to aggressions among nations as unwanted social conflicts can
turn into violence (Scemes, 2016) . The study helps in
creating social norms that prevail shared ways of thinking, generate positive
feelings and install accepted ways of behaving thus guiding people to a
peaceful life.
On
the other hand, instrumental aggression is done to achieve others goals that
may or may not require the harm to the target. The idea is that this harm will
be not physical but in some other way. Lastly, according to the recent study (Straus,
Gelles, & Steinmetz, 2017) , it has been
indicated that with the constant exposure of individuals towards noise, high
pollution, air pollution and invasions there has been a great surge in
aggressive behavior. So we can say that changing environmental factors also are
contributing greatly towards changing the behaviors of people.
Conclusion
Studies
show that continuous exposure to violence through social media sustainably
changes a person perception towards things. Today media is showing only
negative part of the world that contains only violence, distrust and disloyalty
which is causing the people to behave more aggressively resulting in more
conflicts. Reinforcement is suggested to be more effective strategy than punishment
in order to reduce aggression. This can be done through exposing the society
towards positive and friendlier content designed to make them more appreciative
towards others. Punishment can be effective when it is applied with the
intension for the individual to learn from his or her mistakes to replace their
unjust behavior with the most desirable alternative ones.
Bibliography
Warburton, W.,
& Anderson, C. (2015, December). Social Psychology of Aggression. Revision
of the previous edition article by L. Berkowitz, volume 1, pp. 295–299.
Chadee, D., Smith, S., & Ferguson, C. J. (2019). Murder
she watched: Does watching news or fictional media cultivate fear of crime? Psychology
of Popular Media Culture, 8(2), 125-151.
Gentile, D. A., Bender, P. K., & Anderson, C. A.
(2017). Violent video game effects on salivary cortisol, arousal, and
aggressive thoughts in children. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, pp.
39-43.
Goetz, J., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An
evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3),
pp. 351–374.
Hambly, J. L., Khan, S., McDermott, B., Bor, W., &
Haywood, A. (2017, Feb 1). Instruments for evaluating pharmacotherapy
intervention efficacy in violent and aggressive behavior and conduct disorder
in youth. Aggression and violent behavior, 34, 84-95.
Hawley, P. H. (2016). Eight myths of child social
development: An evolutionary approach to power, aggression, and social
competence. In Evolutionary perspectives on child development and
education, 145-166.
Kruglanski, A., & Stroebe, W. (2011). Handbook of the
history of social psychology. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
Oakley, C., Harris, S., Fahy, T., Murphy, D., &
Picchioni, M. (2016). Childhood adversity and conduct disorder: A
developmental pathway to violence in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia
research, 172(1-3), pp. 54-59.
Scemes, S. (2016, Sept./Oct.). Social dysfunction and
skills in schizophrenia: relationship with treatment response and severity of
psychopathology. Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (São Paulo) vol.43 .
Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & Steinmetz, S. K.
(2017). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family.
Routledge.
2
According to
social psychology, how does aggression or violence arise?
Table of Contents
Introduction
The
research subject is diverse; in order to avoid the confusions it is studied
within specific dimensions to understand the potential reasons of aggression
and violence among different groups of people. In this study both intrinsic and
extrinsic factors related to violence and aggressions are taken into context.
Variety of scales and models have been identified that could help in measure
these behaviors and to identify the prominent causes they bring along with
them. There is no denying of the fact that “aggression” and “violence” are
becoming common behaviors in contemporary society. The reasons of their
emergence are numerous ranging from direct encounters on day to day basis in
war wagged societies or through indirect ways such as television and social
media that add fuel to the ignited fire. From the standpoint of social
psychology, aggression is harmful whether small or large. It is the science
that systematically measures the thoughts, behaviors and feeling of human
beings (Kruglanski & Stroebe, 2011) . It studies the
dynamic relationships that exist between individuals and society as a whole
that influences their personal traits, emotions, thinking process, motivations
and desires to control their day to day interactions with each other. Though
the social skills have been within humans since their origin but the adoption
of such behaviors was the result of evolutionary adaptation. It is based on the
assumption that much of our social behavior is the result of our evolutionary
past. According to theory humans kept on adapting to remain fit with the time
for the sake of survival and reproduce at a better level with improved
characteristics than other species (Goetz & Simon-Thomas, 2010) . The most accepted definition of aggression
was given by Buss in 1961, “A response that delivers noxious stimuli to another
organism” which can be in the present times in the form of bullet, bomb,
criticism or an insult anything that harms or hurts other individuals. When the
aggression gains momentum it takes the form of violence. It is the unwilling
participation by the victim that intrigues the aggressor to keep repeating its
coercive behavior. Aggression can never bring in positive outcome no matter how
much the person diverts the negative energy into building something positive,
it always end up in hate and grudges which if continue to accumulate can
seriously damage the person and the society as a whole. In the study, different
models and theories have been presented to take a better understanding of the
concept of aggression through the eyes of social psychology.
Literature Review
Human
aggression is a social behavior that is enacted with the intention to harm
another person. In the field of psychology, aggression refers only to a
behavior and does not indicate a mindset or an emotional state so the feelings
such as anger or attitude do not come under aggression. Same goes with
violence, it is wrong to treat it as aggressiveness as it refers to the
intension of the person to do extreme harm to the others that might even lead
to death. But both are interrelated as one action can lead to another. With
respect to the factors predicted to be involved in causing such behaviors
include intrinsic factors that involve a combination of personality
characteristics towards dealing anger and the extrinsic factors such as
physical and social settings that might play a part in generating anger or
violence among individuals. Apart from them, there is a third set in which lies
the individuals with severe mental illness who exhibit violence not out of any
influence other than their own psychotic disorder (Walsh & Buchanan , 2002) . Social learning and
modeling allows us to see whether aggression or violence is learned through
social reinforcements. It is more related to reward or punishment (Hawley P.
, 2007) .
Let’s say if we are rewarded for curbing aggression we might repeat this
behavior and reverse if being punished. For example, the child who gets
rewarded by hitting other kid, he or she will repeat the action. But aggression
in early age has other correlations as well like children who are aggressive
are said to be more competent as they use aggression to get their way. In
another studies, aggression is also related to acceptance and empowerment among
their circle of peers. According to model, these behaviors are learned through
social demonstrations from other people such as watching parents, other
children or people and mainly social medial to do the same things as they are
seeing it as the only solution to resolve issues. Viewing violence in movies,
TV shows and video games are tending to create aggression among the viewers as
shown in the figure below (Anderson & Bushman, 2001) . Large amount of
such influence might cause desensitization as individuals start embracing the
violence or aggression as accepted part of society and start treating it as the
solution for all their problems. According to (Nabi & Sullivan, 2001) , possession of guns
keeps the public in unnecessary fear of unknown making them to respond to even
minor issues with aggression. Where there are guns, there is a high likelihood
of the occurrence of violence.
There
are two prominent scales that can be used to measure these behaviors including
Overt
Aggression Scale: This scale is used to record the aggressive incidents of the
individuals that might have appeared in the form of anger, loud shouts,
physical aggression against objects and other threating gestures causing severe
physical injury. These behaviors are compared with that of harm induced by
victim (Hellings, 2005) .
Social
Dysfunction and Aggression Scale: This scale can be used to assess the total
level of aggression in the form of self-harm, lack of cooperation, irritability
and discontentment towards others. Social Dysfunction is also known as
relational aggression in which an individual’s faces conflicts or problems in
peer relationships that leads to lowering down of self-esteem and heightens
depression (Scemes, 2016) .
Theoretical framework
In
this section, various models and theories are highlighted that helps in
understanding the phenomenon of aggression and violence. In the first model,
The General aggression Model; the model highlights various factors such as
environmental that trigger aggression. From the research work of ( Warburton & Anderson, 2015) , GAM is an
integrative, bio-social cognitive model that incorporates different logical
theories to explain the concept of aggression. According to the finding
changing environment such as growing use of computer games can cause the
individuals to adopt and practice aggressive behavior more frequently. The
second level of understanding can be built through “Frustration-Aggression
theory”, a theory that points frustration as the main factor behind aggression.
It is frustration within an individual that provokes him or her to obtain a
goal. It is the desire that creates aggressive energy which is shaped by set of
rewards or punishments. For example, it was wrongly perceived that cats had the
natural instinct to kill mice in fact their predatory behavior is out of
protection of its kittens or simply survival. Thirdly is Buss theory of
Instrumental aggression. Buss in 1961 explained the concept of aggression in
terms of instrumental conditioning that it is the reinforcements capable to
increase or decrease the intensity of aggressive behaviors. He suggested both
anger and personality play their role in aggression. The intensity of hostility
depends on these factors and may persist over time due to constant exposure to
negative experiences. Fourthly, Bandura’s Social learning theory is the theory
reinforces that aggressive behaviors are learned through observing models. It
implants that aggressive behavior is imitated from the model’s behavior. First
the observer must pay attention to responses from the modeled behavior then the
message is encoded through cognitive processes and lastly they are applied as
the same actions. For example, Children when see their parents hit, kick or
throw something at an object, they will first observe and if the process keeps
going then they will imitate the same behavior. This process of imitation is
done after the actions are thoroughly cognitively analyzed. Another one is
Berkowitz’s theory of Emotional aggression” This theory has so forth dominated
social psychological research on aggression as it explains the behavior well.
According to Berkowitz, there exist two systems of aggression; one emotional
and other instrumental. Emotional aggression aligns on innate tendencies of
individuals or organisms to respond aggressively towards aversive stimulation
that produces negative effects on individuals by developing in them desire to
hurt. On the other hand, instrumental aggression is done to achieve others
goals that may or may not require the harm to the target. For instance a
robber’s goal is to get the loot but not harm the victims. The idea is that
this harm will be not physical but in some other way. Lastly, according to the
recent study (Tedeschi, 2003) , it has been
indicated that with the constant exposure of individuals towards noise, high
pollution, air pollution and invasions there has been a great surge in
aggressive behavior. So we can say that changing environmental factors also are
contributing greatly towards changing the behaviors of people.
Conclusion
Studies
show that continuous exposure to violence through social media sustainably
changes a person perception towards things. Today media is showing only
negative part of the world that contains only violence, distrust and disloyalty
which is causing the people to behave more aggressively resulting in more
conflicts. Reinforcement is suggested to be more effective strategy than
punishment in order to reduce aggression. This can be done through exposing the
society towards positive and friendlier content designed to make them more
appreciative towards others. Punishment can be effective when it is applied
with the intension for the individual to learn from his or her mistakes to
replace their unjust behavior with the most desirable alternative ones.
Avoidance to these aspects within a society can be injurious as they the
actions like punishments or positive reinforcements might suppress the
aggressive behavior temporarily but this may convert minor anger into major
violence if problems are not resolved at broader level such as controlling
media and information being circulated. Globalization is underway; people with
different cultural backgrounds are increasingly coming into contact with each
other due to internet and other forms of communication. It is important to be
aware of cultural differences in order to avoid misunderstanding that could
lead to aggressions among nations as unwanted social conflicts can turn into
violence. The study helps in creating social norms that prevail shared ways of
thinking, generate positive feelings and install accepted ways of behaving thus
guiding people to a peaceful life.
Bibliography
Warburton, W., & Anderson, C. (2015, December).
Social Psychology of Aggression. Revision of the previous edition article
by L. Berkowitz, volume 1, pp. 295–299.
Anderson,
C., & Bushman, B. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive
behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and
prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological
Science, 12(5), pp. 353–359.
Goetz,
J., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and
empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), pp. 351–374.
Hawley,
P. (2007). Social dominance in childhood and adolescence: Why social
competence and aggression may go hand in hand. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Hellings,
J. (2005, Feb 1). The Overt Aggression Scale for Rating Aggression in
Outpatient Youth With Autistic Disorder: Preliminary Findings.
Kruglanski,
A., & Stroebe, W. (2011). Handbook of the history of social psychology.
Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
Nabi,
R., & Sullivan, J. (2001). Does television viewing relate to engagement
in protective action against crime? A cultivation analysis from a theory of
reasoned action perspective. Communication Research, 28(6), pp.
802–825.
Scemes,
S. (2016, Sept./Oct.). Social dysfunction and skills in schizophrenia:
relationship with treatment response and severity of psychopathology. Arch.
Clin. Psychiatry (São Paulo) vol.43 .
Tedeschi,
J. (2003). The Social Psychology of Aggression and Violence. International
Handbook of Violence Research , pp. 459-478.
Walsh
, E., & Buchanan , A. (2002). Violence and schizophrenia: examining the
evidence. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, pp. 490–95.
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